With the tremendous expansion of modern aerial battlefields, increased precision of targets, and accelerated engagements, aerial refueling technology plays an increasingly crucial role. The performance of navigation information, such as relative position and attitude, between the tanker and receiver aircraft directly determines the success or failure of refueling operations. To address the application scenarios of aerial refueling in GPS-denied environments or complex electromagnetic warfare environments, a novel dual-camera visual relative positioning method is proposed. This method consists of two stages: tanker feature extraction and contour-based relative positioning. In the tanker feature extraction stage, unlike traditional feature points such as SIFT, SURF, or ORB, we employ contour points that are less susceptible to lighting conditions. In the relative positioning stage, we match image contour features with a pre-established database of images to obtain the most similar image and output the corresponding relative pose information. The effectiveness of this novel dual-camera visual relative positioning algorithm is validated using visual simulation software, ultimately achieving dual-aircraft relative positioning in aerial refueling missions.