This study explores the design and application of a cylindrical bipolar structure voltage sensor. Utilizing the principle of electric field coupling, the sensor achieves non-contact voltage measurement with advantages such as excellent insulation and rapid response. The design features an innovative coaxial cylindrical electrode structure, analyzed using finite element simulation software COMSOL to examine its capacitance distribution and electric field characteristics. Results indicate that the coupling capacitance between the inner and outer plates is significantly greater than other capacitances, confirming the sensor’s effective shielding capability. In experiments, the sensor successfully captured low-frequency signals of standard power frequency AC voltage, demonstrating good measurement capability despite the presence of electromagnetic noise interference. This paper provides direction for further optimization of sensor performance and offers a potential solution for voltage measurement in power systems.