As an essential component of electricity infrastructure, the carbon emissions during the construction phase of substations cannot be overlooked. This paper innovatively applies the super-efficiency Epsilon-based Measure (EBM) model, incorporating non-desirable outputs, to evaluate and analyze the carbon emission efficiency during the construction of 31 substations encompassing indoor, outdoor, and semi-indoor types. The objective is to provide insights and experiences for similar projects. The study reveals substantial variations in carbon emission efficiency among the 31 substations. Generally, outdoor substations exhibit higher efficiency values and better performance, followed by semi-indoor substations, with indoor substations demonstrating the lowest efficiency. Finally, this paper proposes several practical recommendations to address the identified issues.