This chapter reviews mathematical models utilized for assessing physiological parameters, primarily insulin sensitivity over the short term. Subsequently, recent advancements in models designed to manage diabetes and monitor long-term care progress are discussed. The review also addresses challenges and limitations inherent in mathematical modeling within this domain. Furthermore, it explores new techniques and innovations, highlighting the potential of mathematical approaches in advancing technologies such as the artificial pancreas. This evolution is driven by innovations in insulin pumps and closed-loop systems, promising enhanced management of diabetes.