This chapter discusses the advanced finishing technology and its extensive applications across diverse fields. It highlights the importance of finishing technology in improving surface quality, assembly processability, and enhancing surface stress distribution state of workpieces. The chapter delves into typical applications of this technology in optical, semiconductors, aerospace, and biomedical fields. It also presents the current technical challenges faced in the field, such as achieving high-quality processing for difficult-to-machine materials like superhard and highly brittle materials without damaging them. Furthermore, the chapter outlines future development trends, emphasizing the integration of shape and performance, composite processing techniques, processing and inspection integration, and intelligence of equipment and processes. The impact of advanced finishing technology on various industries, including optical, semiconductor, aerospace, and biomedical, is also examined. This chapter provides insights into the future direction of advanced finishing technology and its potential to revolutionize manufacturing processes.