Biofilm Formation by Staphylococcus aureus in Bovine Mastitis: Relationship with Pathogenesis and Antimicrobial Resistance
摘要
Staphylococci are a group of bacteria commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of animals, including bovines. Among them, Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen implicated in various bovine infections, including mastitis, which is the inflammation of the mammary gland. Staphylococcal biofilms, formed by these bacteria, represent a significant concern in bovine health and productivity. Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms encased within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), which can include polysaccharides, proteins, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). These structures allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces and protect themselves from the host immune system, antibiotics, and other environmental stresses. Staphylococcal biofilms play a pivotal role in the persistence and chronicity of infections, complicating treatment and management strategies. In bovines, staphylococcal biofilms primarily affect the udder, leading to mastitis. Mastitis not only causes discomfort and pain to the animal but also results in significant economic losses for dairy farmers due to reduced milk production, decreased milk quality, veterinary costs, and potential culling of infected cows. Bacteria within biofilms exhibit increased resistance to antibiotics compared to their planktonic counterparts. Consequently, treating staphylococcal biofilm-associated mastitis can be challenging and may necessitate prolonged antibiotic therapy, contributing to the development of antibiotic resistance. Efforts to mitigate the impact of staphylococcal biofilms in bovines include implementing stringent hygiene practices, optimizing milking procedures to minimize udder trauma and contamination, and employing mastitis control programmes that incorporate both preventive measures and targeted treatment strategies. Additionally, ongoing research aimed at understanding the mechanisms underlying biofilm formation and persistence holds promise for the development of novel interventions, such as biofilm-disrupting agents and vaccines, to combat staphylococcal biofilm-associated mastitis effectively.