Effect of Depth-Influenced Shear Modulus Variation on the Seismic Response of Hill Slopes: A Numerical Study
摘要
Slopes are interesting to study due to their intricate topography and expectance of failure even under gravity loading itself. Analyzing these slopes becomes particularly challenging under seismic loading scenarios. Being inherently non-linear, soils exhibit complex behavior during seismic events and lead to the evolution of varying shear strains throughout the depth. As seismic waves traverse such finite bounded medium to the topmost free surface, wave reflections from the slope face trigger highly non-linear response within the slope. Understanding the surficial responses are very important to design any structure, as they carry information about the dynamic characteristics of the propagating medium. Dynamic properties of slope material, notably the shear modulus and damping ratio, play decisive roles in such behavior. Conventional numerical analyses utilize a constant magnitude of shear modulus that might be responsible in oversimplifying the innate dynamic behavior of hillslope by neglecting the depth-induced stress dependency. In this study, a homogeneous slope section comprising cohesionless soil is chosen that is investigated numerically in a plane-strain finite-element framework. The lateral extent of the soil domain is considered far enough to capture seismic responses without being influenced by boundary effects, while the mesh elements are optimally sized to ensure uninterrupted wave propagation. To mimic the variation in the mean effective stress, shear modulus is considered varying with the depth from free surface of the soil slope. The soil slope is further subjected to the 2015 Nepal Gorkha strong motion to study its representative seismic response. Responses are recorded at selected monitoring points on the slope face as well as the crest and toe horizons, which are further compared with those obtained from a conventional benchmark simulation with the slope material having a constant shear modulus. For both cases of constant and depth-influenced shear moduli, the acceleration-time histories, peak lateral displacements, stresses, and strains are obtained from the recorded locations and are characterized to perceive the behavioral differences. Further, a comparison of the shear stress contours generated at time instances around the occurrence of PGA is elucidated. It is noted that in contrast to assuming constant shear modulus for slope material, considering a depth-influenced shear modulus leads to the formation of a relatively stiffer region close to the base of the slope. This stiffer region plays a pivotal role behind the occurrence of higher shear stress magnitude around the toe of the slope.