The surging demand for high-performance batteries in electric vehicles, renewable energy storage and other applications necessitates robust Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS). Effective heat dissipation is vital for optimizing battery performance and ensuring safety. While commercially available cells operate within a broad temperature range of −40–60 °C, the manufacturer-preferred window, 15–35 °C, emphasizes the need to prevent overheating for battery longevity and safety. Nanofluids play a pivotal role in enhancing thermal management by facilitating efficient heat transfer from battery cells to the cooling system. These colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in conventional heat transfer fluids exploit heightened thermal conductivity, expanded surface area and improved convective heat transfer, resulting in synergistic effects. Noteworthy nanofluids, including alumina, copper, titanium dioxide, CNT and graphene nanofluids are investigated for their potential in advancing thermal management systems. This chapter explores diverse nanofluids as an optimistic strategy for improving heat transfer in BTMS. Nanofluids’ versatility extends across various operating conditions, aligning with strict space and weight constraints in electric vehicles and renewable energy storage. The chapter integrates experimental exploration with mathematical modelling to comprehensively understand heat transfer mechanisms. By endorsing nanofluid-based thermal management advancements, the chapter contributes valuable insights for designing and optimizing BTMS, advancing electric mobility, and promoting sustainable energy solutions within a concise framework.