Most of the heavy metal pollutants-lead, copper, nickel, chromium, zinc, etc. found in industrial wastewater are released into water bodies which destroy the quality of water. Heavy metals cannot be destroyed biologically. Therefore, they are toxic to all the trophic levels in the food chain. Due to their high concentration and cost, it is a challenging process to remove heavy metals from water and waste water. Various treatment methods for wastewater containing heavy metals have been developed in recent years, most of them aimed at reducing the quantity of wastewater produced while improving the quality of the treated effluent. Major methods for removing heavy metals from contaminated wastewater include chemical precipitation, coagulation and flocculation, flotation, adsorption, ion exchange, and membrane filtration, each method having some advantages and disadvantages in its own. It is because of their specific physical and chemical properties, distinguishing them from traditional adsorbents that nanoparticles have only recently been recognized as being of prime importance for applications of adsorbent materials in decontamination of heavy metals in an aqueous medium. The focus of this chapter is on the role of nanoadsorbents, the process of adsorption, and adsorption kinetics during removal of heavy metals from wastewater. This book chapter also discussed the prospects for the future and challenges in using nanoadsorbents themselves.