This chapter continues the exploration of pediatric ophthalmology, focusing on critical interventions and conditions that affect vision in children. It begins with thoroughly examining strabismus surgery, covering preoperative assessment, surgical techniques, and potential postoperative complications. The discussion then shifts to retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), detailing its pathophysiology, risk factors, screening protocols, and current treatment options to prevent vision loss. Additionally, the chapter explores congenital infections such as rubella, herpes simplex virus, and toxoplasmosis, highlighting their impact on ocular health. Through this comprehensive overview, the chapter seeks to enhance clinical understanding and improve management outcomes for strabismus and related pediatric ocular conditions.