This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of various retinal diseases, beginning with age-related macular degeneration, a leading cause of vision loss in older adults. It then discusses diabetic retinopathy, highlighting its stages, risk factors, and management strategies. The chapter also covers hypertensive retinopathy, detailing the effects of systemic hypertension on the retina. It explores retinal vascular occlusions, both central and peripheral, discussing their etiology, clinical presentation, and treatment options. In addition to these common conditions, the chapter addresses other vascular diseases, including sickle cell retinopathy, idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasia, retinal artery macroaneurysm (RAMA), Coats disease, Eales disease, Susac syndrome, and trauma-associated retinopathy. Finally, pathological myopia is examined, emphasizing its implications on the retina. By providing a thorough understanding of these diverse retinal disorders, the chapter equips readers with essential knowledge for effective diagnosis and management in clinical practice.