This chapter explores critical corneal conditions, focusing on infectious and interstitial keratitis, which pose a risk of severe vision loss if not treated promptly. It provides detailed insights into peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK), a serious corneal disease linked to systemic conditions, and examines metabolic syndromes that impact the cornea, highlighting their genetic and biochemical origins. Keratoplasty, an essential surgical intervention for corneal issues, is discussed in depth, covering its types, indications, techniques, and considerations for successful outcomes. The chapter also addresses various miscellaneous topics that contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the cornea and its associated conditions. This chapter serves as a valuable resource for enhancing knowledge of corneal pathologies and ultimately promoting better patient care in ophthalmology.