This article reviews significant advances in Paleolithic archaeology, particularly in the latter half of the 20th century, as the field evolved from a focus on simple typological classification of artifacts to the interpretation of human behavior and social dynamics. With the development of new research methodologies and the introduction of various techniques, such as raw material sourcing and debitage analysis, Paleolitic archaeology now encompasses a broader range of inquiries, including human technology, subsistence strategies, mobility, and even cognitive and symbolic practices. The integration of these methods, along with theoretical frameworks like Chaine operatoire, has shifted the discipline towards a dynamic understanding of lithic industries as reflections of cultural processes. Functional and residue analyses further allow for insights into the actual use of tools, while new perspectives on social organization, trade, and ritual highlight the complexities of early human societies. Although Chinese Paleolithic archaeology has made considerable strides in adopting modern methodologies and theories, gaps remain in comparison with international research, and the field must continue to evolve by embracing global trends and interdisciplinary approaches.