Flares, coronal mass ejections (CME), and the solar wind, significantly influence geomagnetic and ionospheric activities, impacting space weather. The ionosphere is an important part of radio wave propagation. Instabilities or fluctuations in the ionosphere can lead to interference with high-frequency (HF) communication, absorption of radio waves, and disruptions in satellite communication. Additionally, changes in the ionosphere can significantly affect satellite navigation systems, particularly those relying on GPS and GNSS signals. Understanding ionospheric dynamics and space weather phenomena is crucial due to the significant impact of ionospheric changes on modern technology. Observational data from both ground-based remote sensing and in-situ observations are essential to gain insights into these phenomena. In-situ ionospheric observations employ diagnostic tools such as retarding potential analyzers, ion drift meters, and Langmuir probes for measuring ion density, ion temperature, ion velocity, ion composition, ion drift velocity, ion arrival angle, electron density, and electron temperature. These parameters can be used to understand the ionosphere’s influence on radio wave propagation, communication systems, the thermal structure of the ionosphere, the distribution of electrons, interactions with other regions of space, and the impact on satellite orbits.