The twenty-first century has experienced an advancement of stem cell research and therapy with numerous preclinical studies supporting thousands of human clinical trials worldwide. These preclinical studies have presented encouraging results, supporting widespread therapeutic potential for numerous stem cell-based therapies. Emerging evidence in regenerative medicine research suggests treatment safety, while realized therapeutic potential, efficacy, and mode of action require deeper investigation. Further, unapproved and poorly regulated stem cell treatments introduce risk to patients, risk of severe adverse events, and reputational damage surrounding the introduction of new regenerative medicine therapies. It is important to introduce the science behind stem cell-based therapy to patients to further enhance their understanding as well as preventing the emergence of poor approaches. This chapter will provide a foundational understanding of their diverse characteristics and potential, setting the stage for a deeper dive into their pivotal role in regenerative medicine and biomedical research. An overview of MSC-centered therapy for human injury and disease will be provided, including definition, history, and clinical applications of human multipotent stem cells.