Vesicoureteric Reflux
摘要
Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) is retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the upper urinary tract. If reflux extends into the renal papilla, then it is called intrarenal reflux (IRR). VUR is a significant concern in pediatric patients and can lead to complications such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), pyelonephritis, renal scarring, hypertension, and chronic renal insufficiency. VUR can cause recurrent urinary tract infection leading to renal damage and scarring . VCUG and DMSA scan help in planning management and follow-up of VUR patients. Majority of VUR especially the lower grades resolve sopntaneously and can be managed with prophylactic antibiotic therapy and close follow-up. Breakthrough infection, appearence of fresh scar with high grade VUR calls for intervention. VUR associated with anatomical abnormality like paraureteric diverticulum also require surgical intervention. Injection therapy and surgical ureteric reimplantation (open or minimally invasive) both offers effective treatment to stop VUR. The end result often depend on the quality of the functional renal units in an individual patient.