Sustainable production of high-value chemicals by utilizing lignocellulosic biomass waste has garnered significant attention over the past decades. This chapter provides an overview of catalytic processes for producing organic acids derived from agricultural residues, as well as their derivatives. Organic acids are classified into monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids according to typical carboxylic acid groups. Amino acids are also introduced as an indispensable category. The chemical catalytic process for direct synthesis of sustainable compounds is an effective existing technology, avoiding the bottlenecks of low selectivity towards specific products and long duration that occur in other conventional technologies. The synthesis typically comprises multiple sequential reactions, making multifunctional catalysts essential for the selective activation of particular C-O or C-C bonds. The high oxygen-carbon ratio of lignocellulosic biomass offers the natural advantages for synthesizing these acids; meanwhile, catalyst design, pathway selection, and parameter control are major concerns in research. Progress in traditional catalytic oxidation technologies and novel catalytic systems for various organic acids is summarized. This chapter aims to provide a fundamental understanding of key catalytic synthesis technologies for the production of typical organic acids.