Closed Systems

As it is known that quantum mechanical states exhibit an even-odd effect called parity effect, in this chapter we will discuss some examples wherein it has direct consequences on experimental observations. Magnetization of mesoscopic rings introduced in previous chapter is an ideal avenue to explore parity effect because the magnetization of a closed ring can be measured non-invasively without attaching leads. Then we will show that Fano resonances can non-trivially change this parity effect by introducing a new phase to the electron wave-function. Finally, in the end we will acquaint the reader with what is a general mesoscopic system in a schematic manner to help understand the connection between this new phase and mesoscopic properties in general. Finally, we will provide a flow chart of logic that will make a strong connection between von-Neumann quantum mechanics and physics of mesoscopic systems. This is important because that is known to be the correct version of quantum mechanics and in Chaps. 5 and 6 we will prove that time travel is a reality in the mesoscopic regime and can be achieved with present day technology. The flow chart will also make it clear what we mean by theoretical experiments that will be presented in Chap. 7 and why they are more authentic than practical ones.