After the world has entered the era of globalization, the Western international relations model characterized by exclusivity, antagonism, and power politics has occupied a dominant position, and various forms of conflicts among countries make mankind pay a painful price. At the conceptual level of international relations, the idea of international relations represented by the “Silk Road spirit” provides another possible substitute for the “Cold War mentality.” This paper holds that the “Silk Road spirit” featuring “peace and cooperation, openness and inclusiveness, mutual learning and mutual benefit” should be the direction of future international relations. The transformation of the model of international relations needs to go through a long historical process, which is doomed to be full of twists and turns. However, human society will always move in the right direction. This paper will make a case study of the “China–EU civilization partnership” from this theoretical perspective. In 2014, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed to build a “civilization partnership” between China and the EU during his European visit. In the context of Western power politics, few foreign scholars have responded to it. Against the backdrop of rising unilateralism, declining economic globalization, and a weakening world economy, China–EU relations have faced many new challenges in recent years. And the uncertainty of China–EU relations has further increased after the outbreak of the Russia–Ukraine conflict. For these reasons, the dialogue and cooperation between Chinese and European civilizations led by the “Silk Road spirit” are of particular importance. It will not only help enrich and enhance the “China–EU comprehensive strategic partnership,” but also make it possible to set a successful example for the transformation of international relations.