This chapter is dedicated to explaining why, after undergoing contact-induced evolution, Zhe in Northwestern Chinese dialects did not completely replicate the grammatical behavior of the corresponding grammatical components in Northwestern non-Han languages as presented in Chap. 6 . I propose that contact-induced grammatical evolution is usually the result of the external forces of another language (i.e. model language, or source language) and the internal “genes” of the native language (i.e. replica language, or recipient language) contending with one another. This chapter also refines Heine’s (Language contact and contact languages, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, 2008) “main types of contact-induced linguistic transfer” model, thereby diversifying the typology of contact-induced evolution. In previous literature, contact-induced grammatical changes generally refer to a new structure emerging in the replica language that imitates an existing structure in the model language. However, the type of contact-induced grammatical change observed in the particle Zhe in Northwestern Chinese dialects, known as compromise innovation, does not fall into one of the categories discussed in previous literature. The “V+O+Zhe” construction for expressing imperfective meanings in Northwestern Chinese effectively exemplifies a case of “creating something from scratch” through contact-induced changes: This construction is an innovative creation in Chinese and does not originally exist in either of the contact languages.

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Mechanisms of Contact-Induced Grammatical Changes

  • Xiaolei Fan

摘要

This chapter is dedicated to explaining why, after undergoing contact-induced evolution, Zhe in Northwestern Chinese dialects did not completely replicate the grammatical behavior of the corresponding grammatical components in Northwestern non-Han languages as presented in Chap. 6 . I propose that contact-induced grammatical evolution is usually the result of the external forces of another language (i.e. model language, or source language) and the internal “genes” of the native language (i.e. replica language, or recipient language) contending with one another. This chapter also refines Heine’s (Language contact and contact languages, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, 2008) “main types of contact-induced linguistic transfer” model, thereby diversifying the typology of contact-induced evolution. In previous literature, contact-induced grammatical changes generally refer to a new structure emerging in the replica language that imitates an existing structure in the model language. However, the type of contact-induced grammatical change observed in the particle Zhe in Northwestern Chinese dialects, known as compromise innovation, does not fall into one of the categories discussed in previous literature. The “V+O+Zhe” construction for expressing imperfective meanings in Northwestern Chinese effectively exemplifies a case of “creating something from scratch” through contact-induced changes: This construction is an innovative creation in Chinese and does not originally exist in either of the contact languages.