The Mahanadi River ecosystem is home to three crocodilian species in India: the gharial, mugger, and saltwater crocodile. However, their populations have significantly decreased in recent years, prompting urgent conservation efforts. Thus, present study aims to identify the drivers that threaten the populations of crocodilian fauna in the Mahanadi River and to examine the conservation initiatives of governmental agencies. This contribution also provides a comprehensive overview of the natural history of crocodilians, including their distribution, habitat requirements, feeding habits, reproductive patterns, behaviors, and the threats they face. The discussion extends to future conservation strategies, emphasizes the importance of habitat restoration, strengthens protection of designated areas, addresses the community engagement, and highlights sustainable river management practices. This chapter concludes that the long-term viability of these reptile species in the Mahanadi ecosystem hinges on sustained collaboration among governmental agencies, conservation organizations, local communities, and researchers.