Assam, due to its inherent strength of vast natural resources and biogeographical advantages, is recognized as one of the most potential agricultural states of India. The soils are mostly alluvial in the riverine tracts and red soils in the foot hills areas. The climate is subtropical while the monsoon pattern is well defined with occasional deviations. There is need to minimize cost of production through input use efficiency and the situation demands a paradigm shift in our approach, i.e., more income rather than more production per unit area. The “Indigenous Technical knowledge” (ITK) of the farmers of Assam has some unique features of being helpful in maintaining agriculture production in the state. For example, the application of wood ash around the base of the plant (vegetable crops) to ward off pests like snails, slugs, and aphids, and to enhance the nutrient status of the soil, reduces the costs involved in applying pesticides and nutrients by about 30% of the total production costs. To achieve this, a thick layer of ash is spread on the soil around the mustard plant and is sprinkled on foliage to protect it against a variety of pests like aphids. Spraying of lemon juice on cole crops and solanaceous vegetables saves the crop from the attack of blight diseases, thus preventing yield losses by about Rs 4000 to 6000 ha−1. Use of datura stem and leaves in rice field saves the crop from the attack of stem borer. Fish pond silt is very rich in nutrients and is used by the farmers as a substitute for FYM. So, there is a need to blend ITK with latest “state-of-the-art” techniques to further boost agricultural productivity in the state and enhance farmers’ income, as well as to make the state self-reliant in agriculture and improve the quality of life of the farmers and their families.