Indigenous tribal communities in the Eastern Ghat region of Odisha practise traditional agriculture techniques, emphasizing soil, water, crop and nutrient management. This chapter presents the tribal traditional knowledge from the tribal areas of Odisha as well as from the secondary sources pertaining to those aiming subsistence farming. Farmers in these regions employ natural farming methods such as stone and wood log bunding to reduce soil erosion during monsoon seasons. Stone bunding with broom grass increased soil and water conservation efficiency by 33.9% and 58.9%, respectively. Paddy cultivation in Jhola land reduces runoff and soil loss, boosting yields by 22%. Traditional water-harvesting structures like Jhola Kundi aid irrigation, while native cultivars and mixed cropping reduce nutrient requirements, maintaining soil fertility. Various cropping methods such as Ragi:Pigeon pea mixed cropping and multitier cropping significantly reduce runoff and soil loss. Strip cropping with 6 rows of finger millet and 4 rows of groundnut showed reduction in the runoff by 23.6% and soil loss by 66% over solo finger millet cropping. Low-input agriculture and minimum tillage practices improve soil moisture and structure, mitigating erosion. Locally prepared manure, crop residue retention and pebble incorporation maintain soil organic carbon. These indigenous practices highlight the importance of traditional knowledge in sustainable agriculture and soil fertility management in the region.