The indigenous traditional knowledge (ITK) has immense potential for creating innovation, especially at the local farming level. Dryland and rainfed farming in Eastern Uttar Pradesh is facing a shortage of resources because of the intensive cultivation of the rice-wheat cropping system. The resource base can only be regenerated by utilizing the farm waste material employing indigenous methods on the farm. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to discuss the traditional knowledge of farmers related to crop cultivation and management. Since soil fertility management and restoration of degraded soils is the most challenging issue of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, different ITKs followed by various farming communities have been discussed. Cultivation of dragon fruit has been introduced by various farmers, and they have successfully grown profitably. Farmers of the region are using water conservation technologies such as the construction of farm ponds and are aware of the importance of farm ponds in groundwater recharge. It has been observed that the inclusion of pigeon peas in crop rotation has potential to increase crop yield by 20–30% apart from improving soil fertility. Furthermore, the cultivation of pigeon pea (var-NDA-2) in raised beds increased crop yield by 24%. Similarly, salt-tolerant paddy (Var-CSR-36) gave a 21% higher yield than control. It is also recommended to use humic substances (humicil) at 12.35q/ha with sheep manure at 8 t/ha with 75% RDF which has the ability to enhance soil moisture (29%), organic carbon (1.2-fold), available N (19.6%) and yield of mustard to a tune of 140–190%. High productivity of mustard to a tune of 18.11 q/ha could be achieved by applying 10 t FYM/ha along with 75% RDF and 25 kg S/ha.