While studying and organizing references associated with microbial lipid technology, the authors discovered that in recent years a type of microorganism called Thraustochytrids has been frequently mentioned in the literature and is closely related to lipid production. Interestingly, this microorganism cannot be classified as any of the above-mentioned major oleaginous microorganisms (i.e., yeast, filamentous fungi, microalgae, and bacteria). Therefore, the authors decided to systematically summarize the oleaginous thraustochytrids and their lipid production techniques, to provide a foundation for further in-depth research