The production process of microbial lipids through oleaginous microbial fermentation requires suitable strains for the rational design, operation, control, optimization, and enhancement of the entire fermentation process to maximize the efficiency of the fermentation process. Regarding the selection of suitable strains, the previous chapters detailed the screening of high-yield strains for oleaginous microorganisms and the use of metabolic engineering methods to improve oleaginous microorganisms. This chapter will introduce in detail how to use process engineering strategies to optimize the fermentation process of oleaginous microorganisms and strengthen the process. In the process of oleaginous microbial fermentation to produce lipids, “oleaginous microbial strains” and “reasonable process engineering technologies” are indispensable for oleaginous microbial fermentation technology.