From almost a non-existent seed industry a little over half a century ago, India’s seed sector, supported by several technology advancements and innovations, has transformed itself into a mature and major player in the global seed scenario. It is now an industry involving thousands of farmers, hundreds of seed companies—small, medium and large including the MNCs, and many public corporations, engaged in a multi-billion dollar business. This has led to the enhancement of profitability for the sector. A major milestone in this regard was the economic liberalization that took place in the early 1990s. Today, the seed industry has emerged as an essential contributor to the growth of Indian agricultural production and its allied industries in food, feed, textile, dairy and other sectors. The deftness of the technology growth has helped the seed industry not only meeting the needs of the domestic sector, but has also improved India’s competitiveness in the global trade. With the growing technological strength of the Indian seed industry’s R & D, there exists tremendous potential for capturing a larger share of the global seed trade. The technological advancements, however, face several challenges in its growth path, related to financial resources, unpredictable regulations and strong policy support to face the increasing hurdles put up by the activists in the introduction of new technologies such as GM and Gene-edited crop varieties.