The quality of the seed is of utmost importance for the sustenance of agriculture. Seed quality comprises certain parameters that must be ascertained before it reaches the end users. The systematic development of quality control and assurance systems in India involved establishment of seed testing laboratories and seed certification agencies, formulation of quality standards, and the enactment of seed-specific legislations to ensure legal validity. Quality control and assurance are two interrelated mechanisms that aid in realising a legitimate, high-quality end product. Quality control, a product-oriented rectification system, helps minimise impurities during various production stages. During pre-production, the quality of the seed can be controlled by selecting the appropriate site, seed source, and suitable environmental conditions. During seed production, the contaminants of seed quality are minimised by scrupulously following prescribed isolation distances, roguing, good agricultural practices, and proper care during harvesting. Quality control during post-production operations like processing, packing, and storage help upgrading and maintaining quality parameters. The quality assurance system on the other hand verifies the efficiency of quality control through several checks and tests so that the end users can get authenticated quality seed material. An organised quality assurance system consisting of seed certification of different seed classes and testing the post-production produce against quality standards ensures seed quality of notified varieties. Additionally, designated seed inspectors implement the quality assurance system at the level of seed marketing. This ensures that seed material of any class, sold, imported, or exported adheres to the prescribed quality standards. Hence, the amalgamation of quality control and assurance systems endeavours to provide high-quality seeds to the farming community, enabling them to unlock the full potential of an improved seed variety. With the advancement of technology, several new seed quality evaluation techniques have been developed, with very high precision and speed in realising the seed quality. Therefore, there is great potential for their utilisation in commercial quality control and assurance systems in the near future.