This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the psychological factors underpinning traffic participants’ behavior to enhance traffic safety. It examines the cognitive architecture of driving, moving beyond the basic “cognition-judgment-operation” cycle to explore the interplay between automatic and deliberate control systems, as framed by the SRK model and dual-process theory. The analysis highlights the pivotal roles of attention, hazard perception, and executive functions in accident prevention. It further investigates the decision-making processes behind risk perception and risk-taking. A key focus is on practical applications, reviewing a range of behavioral interventions from persuasive communication and nudging to therapeutic approaches for high-risk drivers. The chapter also addresses the concept of driver assessment and “driving aptitude,” comparing international approaches to identifying and managing individual differences in driver safety. This review underscores the necessity of a multifaceted psychological approach to improving road safety.