This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology, a promising and sustainable method for treating wastewater. It explores the unique combination of energy generation and pollutant removal in MFCs, highlighting their importance in addressing environmental issues and advancing renewable energy production. The chapter delves into the various methodologies used in MFCs for wastewater treatment, emphasising the challenges and recent progressions in this field. The interaction between microbial activity and electrochemical processes in MFCs offers a distinct opportunity to generate energy and effectively treat wastewater, keeping our audience informed and engaged in the latest advancements.