The bioenergy resources found in the Global South are composed of variable energy sources that are obtained from biological materials. These resources play an important role in energy provision, sustainable development promotion, and reducing climate change impacts. The primary bioenergy sources are biomass, forest biomass, and organic wastes which are converted to biofuels (e.g., biogas, bioethanol, biodiesel) by fermentation and gasification processes. In the Global South, agroforestry practices which involve integrating trees with crops and livestock are very rampant, providing bioenergy and biomass from fuelwood. Other functions such as conservation of the soil, improvement of livelihood, and enhancement of biodiversity are provided. Soil fertility enhancement and sequestering of carbon are provided by biochar which is produced by biomass pyrolysis. It increases the agricultural productivity and the mitigation of climate change. The production of biogas from organic waste anaerobic digestion produces clean energy for cooking, provision of electricity, heating, and mitigating emissions from greenhouse gases. Similarly, the culture of microalgae can produce quite sustainable bioenergy and can grow in diverse climates and have high productivity making it a good source of biofuel, a good source of wastewater breakdown, and capture carbon from the atmosphere. The promotion of production and utilization of bioenergy resources is important in promoting easy energy access, addressing the issues that may arise from the environment, and promoting rural development in the Global South. It is worth noting that the implementation of bioenergy projects must be done in an environmentally responsible manner, with conscious efforts toward the use of land, availability of water, conservation of biodiversity, and the impacts it will have on the socioeconomic characteristics of the local Global South communities. With the use of technological innovations, effective policies, and investments, a transformative role can be played by bioenergy in economic growth promotion, energy security, and sustainability of the environment in the Global South. This review therefore highlights the various bioenergy sources and their management in the Global South.