Broadly minerals are categorized under metallic and non-metallic groups. Non-metallic minerals may include inorganic minerals, organic minerals or fossil fuels, and miscellaneous minerals. The inorganic minerals are mainly used in industries, like gypsum, rock phosphate, Potash, etc., are used in fertilizer making, limestone is used in cement; dolomite, magnesite, kyanite, sillimanite, graphite, pyrophyllite, andalusite, asbestos, barite, dunite, olivine, mica, etc., are used as refractories; kaolinite, wollastonite, etc., are used as ceramics; trona, quartz, etc., are used in glass industries; corundum, garnet, staurolite, calcite, feldspar, etc., are used as abrasives; talk, soapstone, etc., are used in cosmetics, and diamond, opal, and other precious stones are used as gemstones. The organic minerals or fossil fuels include coal, lignite, petroleum, natural gases, Coal Bed Methane, shale gases, etc. There are some minerals, like borax, asbestos, sulphur, diaspore, fluorite, ochre, etc., and economically important rocks diatomite, chalk, laterite, rock salt, slate, sandstone, marble, granite, etc., used in day-to-day life, are grouped as miscellaneous industrial minerals. Industrial applications of these minerals, geological processes responsible to form their deposits and distribution across the globe, has been discussed in this chapter.