This study aims to analyze how factors associated with media can influence decision-making related to self-medication practices in the context of public health. Using a systematic review and the Boolean method to organize and filter relevant studies, the findings emphasize the need for regulatory measures on pharmaceutical advertising and increased awareness of the risks associated with self-medication. The results suggest a high prevalence of self-medication and misinformation influenced by media behavior, with antibiotics, analgesics, antipyretics, and vitamins being the most accessible and commonly used medications. Similarly, sociocultural, sociodemographic, and socioeconomic factors, particularly in regions like Asia and Africa, which include gender, age, education level, and the urgency of the health issue, are associated with higher rates of self-medication. The risks and consequences of improper use can result in misdiagnosis, microbial resistance, and generally adverse effects on the body and health. Therefore, it is essential to highlight this practice due to the need to regulate it, promoting proper use to mitigate potential risks.