The final chapter focuses specifically on Japan, providing an overview of the current situation of immigrants in the country. The previous literature on immigration in Japan is dominated by microsociological concerns that focus on the protection of immigrants’ human rights and on their domestic societal integration, whereas there is little mention of the potential for immigration to develop into an interstate political issue. The author aims to show that by gleaning the appropriate lessons from the experiences of other countries, Japan’s discussion of immigration policy will be unfettered from the barren notion of Japanese exceptionalism to become more intellectually sophisticated and constructive. The chapter examines population inflows and outflows, including sections on Japan’s historical policy of national seclusion (sakoku) and on the emigration phenomenon during the Meiji era, and also looks at Japan-US friction over Japanese immigrants to America, and the conditions for becoming a Nihonjin.