Processes of soil fertility degradation described are soil erosion (water and wind erosion), nutrient removal in produce and plant residues, oxidation (including crop residue burning), reduction (including denitrification, waterlogging and anaerobiosis) and leaching, and loss of fauna, flora and microbial diversity. Acidification, salinisation and sodification, and soil aggregate breakdown in the semi-arid and sub-humid regions are the dominant processes of soil fertility degradation. Consequences and magnitude of soil fertility degradation including organic C and N losses and decline in productivity from these processes are considered and briefly potential management solutions suggested for restoration.