The Global South faces a multitude of challenges stemming from environmental, economic, and social factors. Increasing demands for food, energy, resources, and services have intensified pressure on biological resources in these regions. Renewable biological resources, such as plants, animals, and aquatic systems, are critical to the Global South due to their ability to regenerate naturally. However, the reliance on these resources is pronounced because many of these countries are economically disadvantaged, underdeveloped, and have a lower standard of living. Consequently, issues such as pollution, human-induced pressures, climate change, habitat fragmentation, and the over-exploitation of renewable resources arise, threatening the sustainability of these regions. Effective environmental management, heavily reliant on human activities, is essential for the sustainable use of renewable biological resources. Key areas of focus include biodiversity conservation, ozone layer protection, and climate change mitigation. By employing strategies such as agroforestry, sustainable agriculture, deforestation control, and the use of renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and biomass, environmental management can help reduce climate change impacts, improve biodiversity conservation, build resilience to climate disasters, and promote sustainable development in the Global South. This chapter will highlight the various types of renewable biological resources, their characteristics, and sensitivities, as well as the forms of pollution and their environmental effects. It will also outline management strategies aimed at achieving environmental sustainability in the Global South, fostering healthier and more resilient biological resources for the future.