Future Barriers and Possible Solutions with Recent Advances in Alzheimer’s Disease

One of the major challenges for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the passage of drugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In the near future, many exciting possibilities arise from nanotechnology for the transformation of medical diagnosis and treatment. This review describes organic carriers including liposomes, polymers, solid-lipid nanoparticles, and inorganic carriers such as gold and silica nanoparticles. These nanocarriers improve the targeted transport across the blood-brain barrier, stability, and bioavailability, which are the key elements of enhancing drug delivery. In this regard, ceria nanoparticles decrease the oxidative stress, whereas selenium nanoparticles stop the aggregation of amyloid beta. The targeting liposomes designed for the BBB can successfully deliver genetic material and medications, reduce amyloid plagues, and increase brain uptake. PLGA and nanoemulsions, due to their capability to enhance drug stability and overcome biological barriers, may possibly represent an exciting potential for treatment against AD. Besides, chitosan nanoparticles and other intranasal delivery systems offer a non-invasive, direct brain-targeting approach that circumvents the limitations of the systemic route. Parallel to this, a holistic approach toward the management of the disease is being taken by developing small multitargeted molecules that would be able to address all pathological components of AD together, such as amyloid aggregation, tau hyperphosphorylation, and oxidative stress. In this review, the latest developments in AD nanotechnology and the most recent multitargeted molecules are discussed, highlighting how these tools improve diagnostic capabilities and therapeutic efficacy, opening up new possibilities for the effective management of AD.