Over the past few decades, geopolitics, geo-economics, and armed conflict have undergone significant integration and transformation. Warfare has developed into a hybrid form, utilising both conventional and non-conventional methods. This includes the use of regular forces and diplomacy, as well as special and irregular forces for covert operations, cyber-attacks, disinformation, propaganda, cognitive warfare, local unrest, social destabilisation, and most notably, the use of the economy as a weapon. States are increasingly using economic sanctions, currency manipulation, boycotts, disinvestment campaigns, manipulation of information, and induced socio-economic instability as part of a new model of unrestricted conflict. The aim is to destabilise the adversary and increase its level of socio-economic independence, reducing its potential vulnerability to these dynamics posed by its opponents. Thus, the use of economics as a tool has become an essential instrument for managing national security in a disruptive environment that is not only volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) but also fragile, anxious, non-linear, and incomprehensible (BANI). Economic warfare, economic defence, and defence economics are employed. Therefore, the effective, efficient, and agile management of national security will rely on the creation of a new position, the “Economic Warrior”, who must possess economic intelligence and cyber intelligence as essential tools to perform as Smart Power.

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The “New Economic Warrior”: An Analysis of the Use of Economic Intelligence and Cyber Intelligence in National Security Through Economic Warfare, Economic Defence, and Defence Economics

  • Manuel Antonio Fernández-Villacañas Marín

摘要

Over the past few decades, geopolitics, geo-economics, and armed conflict have undergone significant integration and transformation. Warfare has developed into a hybrid form, utilising both conventional and non-conventional methods. This includes the use of regular forces and diplomacy, as well as special and irregular forces for covert operations, cyber-attacks, disinformation, propaganda, cognitive warfare, local unrest, social destabilisation, and most notably, the use of the economy as a weapon. States are increasingly using economic sanctions, currency manipulation, boycotts, disinvestment campaigns, manipulation of information, and induced socio-economic instability as part of a new model of unrestricted conflict. The aim is to destabilise the adversary and increase its level of socio-economic independence, reducing its potential vulnerability to these dynamics posed by its opponents. Thus, the use of economics as a tool has become an essential instrument for managing national security in a disruptive environment that is not only volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) but also fragile, anxious, non-linear, and incomprehensible (BANI). Economic warfare, economic defence, and defence economics are employed. Therefore, the effective, efficient, and agile management of national security will rely on the creation of a new position, the “Economic Warrior”, who must possess economic intelligence and cyber intelligence as essential tools to perform as Smart Power.