Collagen-Based Biopolymeric Composites for Hemostasis and Drug Delivery: Design, Mechanisms, and Biomedical Applications

Collagen, a key structural protein of the extracellular matrix (ECM), has emerged as a pivotal biopolymer in the development of advanced biomedical materials due to its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low immunogenicity. Collagen-based composites have unique properties that allow them to support cell adhesion, proliferation, and tissue integration. Therefore, collagen has many uses in drug delivery and hemostasis. The multifunctional aspects of collagen-based composites are discussed, including their design and fabrication and their use in the medical field as hemostatic/delivery agents for therapeutic agents. The natural interactions of collagen with platelets and clotting factors are discussed concerning collagen’s ability to stop or slow bleeding. The chapter also presents examples of commercial products made from collagen that serve to stop or reduce blood loss. Additionally, the use of collagen matrices for delivering drugs is addressed, including the different types of strategies that can be implemented to develop a drug delivery system that maintains a localized, prolonged, and target effect. The use of various biopolymers in composite formulations, including chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, and bioactive molecules and nanoparticles, has been reviewed to examine their combined functional advantages. Significant fabrication methods have been outlined based on their effects on composite material performance; these include freeze drying, electrospinning, and 3D bioprinting. Several case studies showing both clinical and preclinical results are presented as practical applications of what is possible with these composites. Lastly, challenges associated with mechanical properties, immunogenicity, and regulatory concerns have been reviewed together with future directions for developing intelligent and responsive systems, as well as the application of composite hydrogels in the field of personalized medicine. This chapter will also act as an invaluable reference for scientists and clinicians who are exploring the potential of natural biomaterials in their research or practice.