Marine Actinobacteria-Derived Enzymes: Sustainable Production From Waste Materials and Industrial Applications

Oceanic microorganisms, particularly marine Actinobacteria such as Nocardiopsis, Streptomyces, Micromonospora, and Salinospora, are underexplored for their enzymes. Studies have established that they possess a range of enzymes with thermostability, haloalkalitolerance, and pressure resistance, making them highly suitable for industrial applications. These microorganisms produce diverse enzymes, including proteases, cellulases, amylases, and lipases, and they can function under extreme conditions. Furthermore, using agro-industrial waste, such as rice bran, sugarcane bagasse, and fish processing residues, as substrate for growth and enzyme production projects a sustainable and cost-effective solution. Rich in organic compounds, these materials are ideal substrates for microbial growth, supporting waste valorization. The optimization of fermentation conditions of temperature, pH, and substrate concentration in solid-state fermentation and submerged fermentation is essential to maximize enzyme production. Statistical approaches like response surface methodology have improved yield and efficiency, reducing enzyme production costs and promoting environmental sustainability. Enzyme production by marine actinobacteria using agro-industrial waste offers a potential green pathway of an eco-friendly and economically viable solution for industrial processes, aiding ecological conservation and waste management efforts.