Single-cell analysis (SCA) has become a popular tool in biomedical research, helping to expand the understanding of cellular mechanisms and treatment responses at unprecedented high resolution. In contrast to traditional bulk approach, single-cell approaches preserve cellular heterogeneity, thereby determining the status and role of individual cells in the population. SCA technology has had many specific applications in biomedicine, such as constructing transcriptome maps of tissues and organs, deciphering the mechanisms of relapse and drug resistance in cancers, and optimizing targeted therapies. In terms of economics, due to many technological obstacles and investment costs for facilities, the results of SCA are still limited in basic and preclinical research. In addition, the obvious differences in resources invested in science and technology lead to noticeable gaps in technological conditions and infrastructure, thus preventing some developing countries from updating new research techniques. The ethical aspects and standards in developing this technology are still controversial. In this book chapter, we will delve into the economic and social advantages and challenges of SCA, which are rarely discussed when developing a new technology.