Investigation of Bioplastic Synthesis from Water Hyacinth Plants and Banana Fruit Waste: Process Optimization, Characterization and Properties Identification

The need for sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based plastics has increased due to their growing environmental impact. This study explores the synthesis and optimisation of bioplastics from water hyacinth plant fibres (Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Salvinia molesta) and banana peel varieties (Musa acuminata, Musa genus, Musa spp., Musa paradisiaca) as sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics. Bioplastic films were produced using standardised formulas containing water hyacinth plant fibres, banana peel extract, starch, gelatin, acetic acid, and glycerol. Twelve formulations were prepared by varying the water hyacinth species while maintaining the same amounts of other ingredients. The films were assessed for physical, chemical, mechanical and biological characteristics. The thermal stability of the bioplastics is demonstrated above 120 °C, with samples based on S. molesta showing the strongest resilience. It is necessary to improve water resistance since the bulk density was 2.12 g/cm3, the water absorption after 60 min was 0.71 g/g, and the moisture content was 18.84%. Alkyl (C–H), ester (C–O), carbonyl (C=O) and hydroxyl (O–H) groups were all confirmed by FTIR spectra, indicating structural integrity and biodegradability. Soil burial biodegradation testing showed a 73.2% breakdown in two days and complete decomposition by day eight, surpassing polyethene’s 2% degradation in the same period. The produced bioplastics exhibited exceptional durability, biodegradability and environmental compatibility, despite requiring additional optimisation to enhance thermal stability and water resistance. These materials demonstrate strong potential for short-life applications such as food and agricultural packaging, offering a viable solution to reduce plastic pollution while meeting consumer expectations.