Mapping Vulnerabilities: A Geographical Perspective on Climate Change and Health Risks in South and Southeast Asia

Climate change poses growing threats to public health, with impacts that are unevenly distributed across geographies. This narrative review explores how geography shapes the health impacts of climate change, with a particular focus on South and Southeast Asia. The objective is to examine the spatial variability of climate-health risks, the role of geographic determinants in vulnerability, and the application of geospatial techniques in identifying and addressing these challenges. The review synthesises recent literature across disciplines to analyse how socioeconomic conditions, environmental exposure, population displacement, disease patterns, and institutional capacity interact geographically to influence health outcomes. It also highlights key geospatial approaches including geographical information system (GIS), remote sensing, and spatial modelling are used to map climate-induced health risks, identify vulnerability hotspots, and inform policy responses. The review concludes that geographically informed analysis is essential for effective climate-health adaptation. Strengthening spatial data integration and inclusive governance is the key to reducing vulnerability and advancing health equity in the context of a changing climate.