Evaluation and Staging of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is a major public health problem, ranking as the fourth most common cancer globally among women, with approximately 6.62 lacs new cases and 3.48 lacs deaths in 2022, and age-standardized incidence and mortality rates 14.1 and 7.1 per 1 lac women, respectively [1]. Out of these, 85% new cases and 90% deaths happened in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Cervical cancer is the product of poor hygiene, poverty, high parity, and malnutrition. Some factors formerly believed to be associated with risk of cervical cancer are now known to be risk factors for HPV infection. High-risk HPV DNA is found in 99.7% of cervical cancer specimens. This chapter describes the presentation, evaluation, and staging of cervical cancers.