Presentation and Evaluation of Prostate and Bladder Malignancy

Bladder cancer is a rare malignancy in the Indian population. As per the GLOBOCAN 2020 database, bladder cancer is the 17th most common malignancy in India. Tobacco consumption is the most important risk factor in bladder cancer. Painless visible haematuria is the most common presenting complaint. Other rarer symptoms may include frequency and urgency in urination and pelvic pain. Examination of voided urine for exfoliated cancer cells has high sensitivity for diagnosing urothelial cancers. This chapter explains the presentation and evaluation of bladder cancers. Prostate cancer appears to be a growing problem in males in India. The incidence of prostate cancer has been steadily increasing in recent years. According to the NCDIR database, prostate cancer features amongst the top 10 cancers in urban cancer registries of Bangalore, Delhi, Bhopal and Mumbai. Patients present with lower urinary tract symptoms of urgency, frequency, straining on urination and rarely haematuria. With suspicion of prostate cancer, serum PSA is the initial investigation. This chapter explains further evaluation of prostate cancer along with staging.