Pulse Self-heating Characteristics of Low-Temperature Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Electro-Thermal Models

As electric vehicles gain accelerated adoption in cold regions, the degradation of lithium-ion battery performance at low temperatures—characterized by sharply increased internal resistance, reduced power output, diminished range, and heightened charging risks—has emerged as a core bottleneck constraining their application. Addressing these challenges, this study explores an efficient pulse self-heating method. Based on an electro-thermal coupling model and experimental validation, it systematically analyzes the impact of pulse duty cycle and frequency on temperature rise rates. Results indicate that both increasing the duty cycle and frequency significantly enhance heating efficiency, with the model demonstrating high reliability (error < 1.2 ℃). This research provides optimized heating strategies for battery management systems utilizing high-duty-cycle and medium-to-high-frequency pulses, laying the foundation for subsequent high-frequency and longevity studies.