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The Treaty of Lausanne (1923) redefined Turkey’s borders and recognized its sovereignty, replacing the Treaty of Sèvres. While primarily focused on Turkey, it indirectly shaped the Middle East. Syria and Lebanon were placed under French mandate, and Iraq under British mandate, influencing state-building and nationalist movements, including uprisings in Syria during the 1920s and 1930s. The Treaty ignored Kurdish aspirations for autonomy and Armenian grievances over the genocide, leaving minority issues unresolved. Cyprus remained under British control, and Palestine and Transjordan were indirectly affected through the mandate system. Overall, the Treaty confirmed an existing framework of international oversight and mandates, shaping territorial boundaries, state sovereignty, and regional geopolitics, with long-lasting effects on Middle Eastern conflicts, nationalism, and minority rights.

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The Treaty of Lausanne and the Middle East: Cyprus, Iraq, Palestine/Israel, Syria, the Kurds, and the Armenians

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Konstantinos Tsimaras

摘要

The Treaty of Lausanne (1923) redefined Turkey’s borders and recognized its sovereignty, replacing the Treaty of Sèvres. While primarily focused on Turkey, it indirectly shaped the Middle East. Syria and Lebanon were placed under French mandate, and Iraq under British mandate, influencing state-building and nationalist movements, including uprisings in Syria during the 1920s and 1930s. The Treaty ignored Kurdish aspirations for autonomy and Armenian grievances over the genocide, leaving minority issues unresolved. Cyprus remained under British control, and Palestine and Transjordan were indirectly affected through the mandate system. Overall, the Treaty confirmed an existing framework of international oversight and mandates, shaping territorial boundaries, state sovereignty, and regional geopolitics, with long-lasting effects on Middle Eastern conflicts, nationalism, and minority rights.