The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources was adopted in 1980 to address geopolitical tensions arising from the potential overexploitation of marine living resources, particularly krill, in the Antarctic region. Unlike the Antarctic Treaty, the CAMLR Convention extends its application to a broader area (i.e. the region south of the Antarctic Convergence), encompassing sub-Antarctic islands not covered by the Antarctic Treaty. This Chapter examines the roles of Argentina and Australia in navigating the geopolitical challenges associated with regulating the waters surrounding sub-Antarctic islands. These islands, while under the sovereign rights of individual states or under territorial disputes—such as those involving South Georgia (Georgias del Sur) and the South Sandwich (Sandwich del Sur) Islands—are governed within the legal and institutional framework of the CAMLR Convention. This highlights the complex interplay between national sovereignty and international cooperation in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic region.