Antimicrobial Mechanisms of Nanomaterials

Helicobacter pylori infection remains a formidable global health challenge, intricately linked to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric adenocarcinoma [1]. The escalating prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains, coupled with the inherent limitations of conventional therapies—such as poor drug bioavailability in the harsh gastric milieu and the bacterium’s capacity for biofilm formation and intracellular persistence—has necessitated the exploration of innovative treatment modalities [2–4]. Nanomaterials have emerged as a transformative platform in this endeavor, offering a multifaceted arsenal of antimicrobial mechanisms that effectively circumvent traditional resistance pathways. These mechanisms, which include mechanical membrane disruption, targeted cytoskeletal interference, and immunomodulatory activation, provide a strategic advantage against H. pylori’s complex pathogenesis [5].