Multi-stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials

The dynamic and complex gastric environment presents a significant challenge for the effective treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections [1–3]. The stomach exhibits steep pH gradients (ranging from 1.5 to 7.0), fluctuating temperatures, enzymatic activities, and mechanical motion, all of which complicate the delivery and efficacy of therapeutic agents [4, 5]. Single-stimulus responsive systems [6], which respond to only one external or internal stimulus, often fail to adapt to these multifaceted conditions, leading to limited therapeutic outcomes. Multi-stimuli-responsive nanomaterials, on the other hand, represent a breakthrough in overcoming these limitations by enabling simultaneous responses to multiple stimuli [7].